In-text referencing when paraphrasing from a secondary source.

Where possible avoid using secondary sources. Primary sources are essential. However sometimes the source you wish to refer to is unavailable and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. So in this case you must use both names in the in-text citation.

There are two options for in-text referencing:

1. Adding a citation at the end of a sentence.
2. Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.

Essential information to include:

• The family name(s) of the author(s).
• No initials are required.
• Cited in (you must use these words).
• The name(s) of the author(s) whose book you have read.
• The year of publication of the book you have read.

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The sentences below have been paraphrased from:

(a)  Bartlett and Ghoshal (cited in Daft 2004) suggest that companies expanding into global markets, are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors.

(b)  Companies expanding into global markets are forced to do so because of economic, technological and competitive factors, which relate to economies of scale, economies of scope and cheaper production factors (Bartlett & Ghoshal, cited in Daft 2004).

Note:

• Do not add page numbers or quotation marks when paraphrasing.
• The full stop is placed after the bracket when the citation is at the end of the sentence (See - Example b).
• The different uses of ‘&’ and ‘and’ in the examples above.

- ‘and’ is used when the authors’ names are used as part of the sentence (See - Example a).
- ‘&’ is used when the authors’ names are used in the bracketed citation (See - Example b).

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If the secondary source was written by two or three writers the in-text citation will be:
Chan and Wan (cited in McShane & Travaglione 2003) stated that......

or

.....(Chan & Wan, cited in McShane & Travaglione 2003).

If the secondary source was written by more than three writers the in-text citation will be:
Amabile et al. (cited in McShane & Travaglione 2003) suggested that......

or

.....(Amabile et al., cited in McShane & Travaglione 2003).

Remember: The reference list entry will only refer to the actual book that you have read.

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