In-text referencing when using direct quotes from a secondary source.

Where possible avoid using secondary sources. Primary sources are essential. However sometimes the source you wish to refer to is unavailable and you must refer to someone else's citation of that source. So in this case you must use both names in the in-text citation.

There are two options for in-text referencing:

1. Adding a citation at the end of a sentence.
2. Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.

Essential information to include:

• The family name(s) of the author(s)
• No initials are required
• Cited in (you must use these words)
• The name(s) of the author(s) whose book you have read
• The year of publication of the book you have read
• Place a comma between the year and the page number
• Write  the page number/s as p. 95 or pp. 95- 97
• Leave a space between the p. and the number
• Use ‘single’ inverted commas, to indicate the quotation

Note:
It is essential to write exactly what is written in the quote

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The following sentences were written by Bennis and Nanus.  They were quoted on page 119 by Pedler, M, Burgoyne, M & Boydell, T 2004, Manager’s guide to leadership, McGraw-Hill Professional, Maidenhead, England.

(a) Bennis and Nanus (cited in Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell 2004, p. 119) argue that "to choose a direction, a leader must first have developed a mental image of a possible and desirable future state for the organisation".

or

(b) "To choose a direction, a leader must first have developed a mental image of a possible and desirable future state for the organisation" ( Bennis & Nanus, cited in Pedler, Burgoyne & Boydell 2004, p. 119).

Note:

• The full stop is placed after the bracket when the citation is at the end of the sentence.  (See - Example b).
• The different uses of ‘&’ and ‘and’ in the examples above.

- ‘and’ is used when the authors’ names are used as part of the sentence (See - Example a).
- ‘&’ is used when the authors’ names are used in the bracketed citation (See - Example b).

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