In-text referencing when paraphrasing a journal article with two or three authors.

There are two options for in-text referencing:

1. Adding a citation at the end of a sentence.
2. Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.

Essential information to include:

• The family names of all authors.
• No initials are required.
• The year of publication.

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The following sentences have been taken from:

Hoekman, B & Newfarmer, F 2005, 'Preferential trade agreements, investment disciplines and investment flows', Journal of World Trade, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 949-973.

(a) Hoekman and Newfarmer (2005) suggest that bidding wars may result when governments use tax and other incentives to attract inward foreign direct investment.

or

(b) Bidding wars may result when governments use tax and other incentives to attract inward foreign direct investment (Hoekman & Newfarmer 2005).

Note:

• Do not use page numbers or quotation marks when paraphrasing.
• The full stop is placed after the bracket (See - Example b).
• The title of the journal is not named in the in-text citation.
• The different uses of ‘&’ and ‘and’ in the examples above.

- ‘and’ is used when the authors’ names are used as part of the sentence (See - Example b).
- ‘&’ is used when the authors’ names are used in the bracketed citation.  (See - Example b).

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