In-text referencing when paraphrasing from an unpublished conference paper or presentation.

There are two options for in-text referencing:

1. Adding a citation at the end of a sentence.
2. Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.

Essential information to include:

• The family name of the author.
• No initials are required.
• The year of publication.

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The sentences below have been paraphrased from:

Matsummoto, H & Wilson, DW 2005 ‘Inductive theory building to visualize cultural differences between Japanese and Western multinational investment banks from the perspective of global strategic IS management’ proceedings of the 13th Annual Cross-Cultural Meeting in Information Systems, Las Vegas, December 2005.

(a)Matsummoto and Wilson (2005) suggested that China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation has further strengthened its economic growth, however, due to cultural differences in relation to business practice, both Western and Chinese companies still struggle with transferring Western Practices into the Chinese context.

or

China’s entry into the World Trade Organisation has further strengthened its economic growth, however, due to cultural differences in relation to business practice, both Western and Chinese companies still struggle with transferring Western Practices into the Chinese context (Matsummoto & Wilson 2005).

Note:

• Do not add page numbers or quotation marks when paraphrasing.
• The full stop is placed after the bracket when the citation is at the end of the sentence ( See - Example b).
• the different uses of ‘&’ and ‘and’ in the examples above.

- ‘and’ is used when the authors’ names are used as part of the sentence (See - Example a).
- ‘&’ is used when the authors’ names are used in the bracketed citation (See - Example b).

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Example: Wang, J, Wang, G, Ruona, WEA & Rojewski, J 2005, 'Confucian values and the implications for international HRD', paper presented to Human Resource Development International, vol. 8, no. 3, September 2005, pp. 311-326.

If the conference paper was written by more than three writers the in-text citation will be:

Wang et al. (2005) suggested that......

or

......( Wang et al. 2005).

Remember:  The reference list entry must include the names of all the writers.

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